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Paraphrase on Shichikushoshinshu [1664]

by Tomoki Tai

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    Includes liner notes by Tomoki Tai (English translation by Cathy Fishman).

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about

Published in 1664 (the fourth year of the Kambun era), "Shichikushoshinshu" is a beginner's guide to three musical instruments: the "hitoyogiri" (a type of shakuhachi), the koto, and the shamisen. It includes 12 songs and instrumental pieces that must have been well known at the time, as well as lyrics and fingering instructions. "Shichikushoshinshu" is divided into three volumes, and the third volume (the shamisen part) contains Japan's oldest published shamisen "scores."

The following is a loose translation of part of the foreword of "Shichikushoshinshu."

[The purpose of this book is to learn how to play the "hitoyogiri" shakuhachi, the koto and the shamisen without being taught by someone. It is not meant for people who already have a command of playing technique. It was written in the hope that it might be of some use to people who don't know playing technique. (This doesn't mean people who can already play the instruments will become poor players if they read it.) If you take this book's purpose into account and know the songs from memory, you will probably do fine. Practicing with this book should give you a reliable foundation for performing the pieces. This will also enable you to play pieces not included in this book. Try to envision this exciting future while steadily making your way through the book.]

An illustration in "Shichikushoshinshu" shows a biwa (Japanese lute) placed in a "tokonoma" (alcove) behind a shamisen player. The first person to play a shamisen was Kengyo Ishimura. The book says that, after playing the three-stringed instrument called the "kokyu" during a visit to the Ryukyu islands, Ishimura downsized a biwa to create the shamisen.

Because I play the cello—a four-stringed instrument, like the biwa—I thought it would be interesting to create a new instrument for this beginning-period shamisen music. The name “violoncello” appeared in print for the first time in 1665, just a year after the publication of "Shichikushoshinshu." What kind of instrument would I make? First of all I wanted it to be an instrument that any cellist would be able to play right away. (When the instrument was ready I had several cellist friends try it out, and in fact they were all able to play it immediately.)

While the book includes lyrics, it provides no information about the length of sounds, in other words things like notes. This gave me the idea of creating an instrument with a mechanism that enables the player to keep a sound going as long as they wish, provided they don't stop the sound. I decided to make the speaker unit a plectrum and use it to produce howling. In terms of where to press down with the fingers, there are instructions like “Press about five "sun" (15 cm) below” and “Press the place next to the "chibukuro" (the slightly rounded part below the shamisen's tuning peg).” But how close is “next to”? All you can do is verify the proximity as you play. In terms of the played sounds, I thought slight pitch variations might be transformed into large differences in the sounds themselves, mainly by causing accidental interference of electric circuits. In regard to tuning, I had read the following: “As you know, the shamisen is tuned to a sound from the "sho" (a traditional reed instrument); accordingly, pitch pipes used to be made by "sho" craftsmen, and some were extremely good” (from "Dohachi Geidan"). As a substitute, I made a beach ball airbag and used it to produce sound on a melodica.

I titled the CD “Paraphrase on Shichikushoshinshu.”

Tomoki Tai (translation by Cathy Fishman)

『糸竹初心集』は、寛文4年に出版された一節切、箏 (琴)、三味線の三種類の楽器の入門書である。 当時よく知られたであろう歌12曲と器楽曲が掲載され、歌詞と指使いが掲載されている。上中下巻の3部に分かれ、下巻の三味線の部分は刊行された三味線「譜」として日本最古のものである。

『糸竹初心集』の序文の部分には、こう書かれている。意訳してみると、

 「この本は、『一節切の尺八を、誰にも習わずに吹き方を覚える 』、『琴、三味線を、誰にも習わずに 弾き方を覚える』ための本です。演奏法を心得ている人の為の本ではありません。演奏法を知ら ない人のために、もしかすると何かの役に立つかもしれないという想いで書いたものです。だからといって、弾ける人が読んだらヘタになる、わけでもありませんが。この本の趣旨を踏まえた上で、歌を空で覚えているならば、なんとかなると思われます。もし、この本で練習をすれば、曲の演奏に際して、心の拠り所ができることでしょう。そうすれば、この本に載っていないどんな曲でも、吹いたり、弾けるようになるのです。そんなワクワクする未来を想像しながら、どんどん読んでいってもらいたいと思います。」

『糸竹初心集』の挿絵には、三味線を弾く法師の後方、床の間に、琵琶を置いているのが描かれてい るし、三味線を初めて弾いたのは石村検校で、彼が琉球の島に行った際に現地で「小弓」という三弦の 楽器を弾いた経験から、琵琶をダウングレード化して三味線を作った、ということが書かれている。

琵琶と同じ四弦楽器であるチェロの奏者である私が、この最初期三味線音楽のために新たに楽器を 作ってみてもよいだろう、と考えた。ちょうど、"violoncello" という楽器名の初出版は1665年で、『糸竹初心集』の一年後なのである。どんな楽器を新しく作るか。まずは、チェロ奏者なら誰でもすぐ弾けるものにしよう (楽器が出来上がってから、数人の私の友人のチェロ奏者に試奏してもらったところ、実際、皆すぐに弾けた)。

歌詞が書かれているが、いわゆる音符のような音の長さに関する情報が無い。それならば、音を止めない限り、なるべく勝手に鳴り続けてしまうような機構の楽器を新しく作るのはどうか。スピーカーユ ニットを撥にしてハウリングさせてみよう。指の押さえる場所説明については「5寸 (15 cm) ほど下を押さえる」、「乳袋 (三味線の糸巻きの下の少し膨らんでいる部分) のキワを押さえる」とある 。しかし、キワと言われても、どのくらいキワなのか。そのキワ具合を演奏しながら確かめていくしかない。弾いた音に対して、主に電気回路の偶発的な干渉を起こすことによって、わずかな音高差が音自体の大きな違いに変換されてしまうのはどうか。調弦に関しては、「三味線の調子は、御承知の通り笙から出たもので、従って調子笛は昔は笙の笛師が作ったもので、随分よいのがありました」(『道八芸談 』より ) というのを読んだことがあり、ビーチボール・エアバックを自作し鍵盤ハーモニカを鳴らして代用した。

CD のタイトルは『糸竹初心集によるパラフレーズ』とした。

多井智紀
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Born in 1982, Tomoki Tai is a Tokyo-based cellist. With a principal focus on classical and contemporary music, he is an energetic musician who performs in a wide range of genres including improvised music and early music. In addition to the cello, Tai plays self-made electric instruments and viola da gamba in performances.

Published in the Edo era (1664), "Shichikushoshinshu" is a beginner’s guide to three musical instruments—the "hitoyogiri" shakuhachi, the koto, and the shamisen—which includes lyrics and fingerings for songs believed to have been popular at the time. Tai decided to create a new musical instrument in order to perform the shamisen music in "Shichikushoshinshu" (Japan’s oldest shamisen “scores”). The result was the self-made electric stringed instrument he calls the coiled cello. In 2021, Tai held several concerts featuring performances of the "Shichikushoshinshu" shamisen scores, one of which took place at Ftarri, Tokyo, on June 20, 2021. This album contains one 52-minute performance from that concert.

While the information in the original scores is insufficient for actual performance, Tai skillfully expressed his distinctive ideas through the use of his self-made instrument, performing all ten shamisen “scores” from "Shichikushoshinshu" in their entirety. In place of a pitch pipe, he used a melodica connected to a beach ball airbag he created himself. While this instrument played flexible, sustained tones, the noisy coiled cello displayed impressive power, producing a multitude of fragmented sounds reminiscent of faulty connections. This sensational performance was born of Tai’s skill as a cellist and his powers of invention and creative expression.

多井智紀は1982年生まれ、東京在住のチェロ奏者。クラシック音楽 / 現代音楽をメインに、即興音楽や古楽を含む多方面での演奏活動を続ける気鋭の音楽家。チェロ以外に、自作電気楽器やヴィオラ・ダ・ガンバの演奏もおこなう。

『糸竹初心集』は、江戸時代の1664年に出版された、一節切尺八、箏、三味線の三種類の楽器の入門書で、当時流行ったと思われる歌の歌詞と指使いが掲載されている。多井は、『糸竹初心集』の (日本最古のものである) 三味線「譜」を演奏するために、新たに楽器を作ることを決意。こうして自作の電気弦楽器 coiled cello を制作し、2021年に『糸竹初心集』三味線「譜」を演奏するコンサートを数回おこなった。そのひとつが2021年6月20日、東京「Ftarri」でおこなわれ、本アルバムにはその52分の演奏1曲を収録している。

実際に演奏するにあたって当時の楽譜の情報は不十分なのだが、多井は自作楽器を使うことで独自の発想を巧みに表現し、『糸竹初心集』に掲載された三味線「譜」全10曲を通しで演奏してみせる。 自作のビーチボール・エアバックを繋いだ鍵盤ハーモニカを調子笛の代用とし、それが柔らかな持続音を奏でる一方で、接触不良のような切れ切れの音を多く放出するノイジーな coiled cello が威力を発揮する。多井のチェロ奏者としての技量と、豊かな発想力・表現力が生み出した超話題作。

credits

released December 25, 2022

Tomoki Tai: self-made instruments (coiled cello, electric devices, beach ball air bag), melodica

Recorded live at Ftarri, Tokyo, June 20, 2021
Recorded and mastered by Ftarri
Artwork and design by Cathy Fishman

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